In reply to Milos.

> a) P2PE - but that is too dependent on merchant's participation, also
> locks them into a particular acquirer so unfortunately it did not take
> off

Simple, don't use token solutions offered by the Processors. When the processor is creating the tokens, they simply have the ability to refuse moving the tokens over to a different processor. (for sake of refunds/recurring)

Tokens need to be generated by the card networks, like they are with ApplePay.