FSB Warns Frontier AI Could Threaten Global Financial Stability

The head of the Financial Stability Board is urging global regulators to make the safe release of advanced artificial intelligence models a priority, warning that increasingly autonomous systems could exploit cyber weaknesses and transmit disruptions across the international financial system.

Andrew Bailey, who chairs the FSB and serves as governor of the Bank of England, issued the warning Monday in a letter to G20 finance ministers and central bank governors gathering in Asheville, North Carolina. The FSB coordinates the work of financial regulators from the world’s largest economies.

Bailey’s central concern is that the capabilities of frontier AI models are advancing faster than the safeguards governing their development and deployment. Recent models released by OpenAI, Anthropic and Meta Platforms have reportedly used the internet to hack outside organizations, highlighting the potential for AI systems to discover previously unknown vulnerabilities and adapt quickly when defenders attempt to close them.

“The risk landscape has been further complicated by the emergence of frontier AI models,” Bailey wrote, citing their growing autonomy, problem-solving capacity and ability to generate threats.

The letter effectively calls for financial regulators to push artificial intelligence safety controls further upstream. Rather than relying primarily on banks and other users to contain risks after a model is released, authorities should ensure that developers have adequate testing, security and release protocols in place before highly capable systems become widely available.

Bailey warned that many jurisdictions lack effective procedures for managing the development, release and deployment of frontier models, increasing risks both within finance and throughout the wider economy. His message suggests that pre-release testing and deployment controls are becoming financial stability issues, not merely voluntary practices for technology companies.

The warning reflects the interconnectedness of modern finance. Banks, insurers, payment companies and market operators frequently depend on the same cloud services, software vendors and other technology infrastructure. An AI-enabled attack that compromised a widely used provider could therefore affect multiple institutions and markets simultaneously.

Differences in national laws, cyber defenses and recovery capabilities could compound the danger, Bailey said, allowing an incident originating in one jurisdiction to cause damage elsewhere. That cross-border exposure gives the G20 a particular interest in developing coordinated safeguards.

Financial institutions must also prepare for more severe events involving simultaneous failures across multiple firms or shared technology dependencies, according to the letter. Bailey emphasized the need for strong response and recovery capabilities, including the ability to rebuild critical systems and restore data from “bare metal” after a major cyber incident.

Some regulators are already pressing institutions to act. The European Central Bank has directed eurozone banks to submit plans by Oct. 31 explaining how they will address the heightened threats posed by new AI models.

AI risk will compete for attention in Asheville with an unusually difficult economic and geopolitical agenda, according to the New York Times. The two-day G20 meeting is taking place amid elevated inflation, slowing global growth, rising government borrowing costs and economic disruption from the U.S.-Israeli war with Iran.

The conflict has restricted oil flows, lifted global energy prices and further strained supply chains. Officials are also expected to discuss critical-mineral supply chains, international investment and ways to reduce or restructure debt, as the International Monetary Fund forecasts slower growth and higher inflation.

IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva identified rising bond yields and stalled disinflation as sources of concern for markets and policymakers, per the Times. The United States, meanwhile, is expected to press other governments to reduce economic ties with Iran, potentially adding sanctions disputes to existing tensions over American tariffs and trade policy.

Against that backdrop, Bailey’s intervention broadens the definition of financial stability confronting the G20. Officials must address immediate shocks from war, energy and debt while also preparing for a technology risk that can cross borders at digital speed. His letter argues that waiting until a powerful model causes systemic damage would leave regulators acting too late.