Ecosystemic Theories of Harm: CADE’s Contribution to the Debate

This article analyzes Commissioner Victor Fernandes’ opinion in the Brazilian competition authority’s interim measure against Apple, which stands as the agency’s first relevant application of an ecosystem theory of harm. Prompted by Mercado Livre’s complaint, the case extends beyond the global pattern of focusing on Apple’s in-app payment restrictions and anti-steering rules, incorporating the foreclosure of third-party digital goods marketplaces within iOS. Although rendered in a prel