All We Have Is All We Need: A Blueprint to Defining and Using Ecosystems in Antitrust

We present a workable outline of how ecosystems can be defined and used in the existing antitrust framework. We acknowledge that the concept of ecosystems comes up frequently in antitrust cases and policy documents, especially in digital markets, but also that, its recurrent invocation notwithstanding, competition authorities have not found ways to meaningfully integrate it into their work. This piece proposes practical ways ecosystems can be made useful in competition law enforcement and provid