Cryptographic Foundations and Interdisciplinary Dimensions of the Secure Proof of Stake (“SPoS”) Consensus Algorithm

The Secure Proof of Stake (“SPoS”) protocol represents a transformative advancement in blockchain consensus mechanisms, integrating a reputation-based verification system with traditional Proof of Stake (“PoS”) principles to address critical challenges in security, efficiency, and decentralization. This study delineates the cryptographic infrastructure underpinning SPoS, encompassing elliptic curve digital signatures (“ECDSA”), SHA-256 and Keccak-256 hash functions, verifiable random