EU Competition Policy in Support of Democracy and Sustainability: What Theories of Harm When Moving Away From the Predominance of the Consumer Welfare Paradigm?

In this paper, I explore the connection between theories of harm and the goals of EU competition policy. Empirical research shows that EU competition law does not only pursue consumer welfare as a goal. That is normatively in line with primary EU law, as the EU Treaties place competition policy in the context of broader EU goals. The variety of goals implies that not only conduct that leads to higher prices, reduces output, harms innovation, or reduces quality is harmful, and, therefore, contrar